甲苯对UASB反应器中溶解性微生物产物的影响

以乙酸钠为外加碳源,考察了UASB反应器内甲苯对可溶性微生物产物（SMP）的影响。实验结果表明：低质量浓度（20~70 mg/L）的甲苯对微生物有刺激作用,使得污泥增殖速率变小,SMP的质量浓度也逐渐减少,经过一段时间的驯化后,系统COD和TOC的去除率分别达到93%和94%以上,下降趋势较小；较高质量浓度（70~200 mg/L）的甲苯对微生物有抑制作用,污泥活性下降,反应器运行状况开始恶化,SMP的质量浓度也逐渐增大,经过一段时间的驯化后,系统COD和TOC的去除率分别维持在81%和83%以上；当甲苯质量浓度超过200 mg/L时,表现为污泥活性严重下降,对COD的去除效果极差。     

生物滴滤塔处理氯苯废气的工艺性能

将活性污泥培养及驯化后接种于生物滴滤塔中，挂膜启动后处理模拟氯苯废气（简称氯苯废气），考察了生物滴滤塔在挂膜启动阶段及稳定运行阶段的性能。实验结果表明：接种41 d后生物滴滤塔成功挂膜，此时氯苯去除率稳定在90%以上；生物滴滤塔稳定运行阶段，随着进气中氯苯质量浓度由303.82 mg/m³逐渐增至1 489.05 mg/m³，氯苯去除率从85.1%降至70.1%。处理氯苯废气适宜的工艺条件为：空塔停留时间超过45 s，喷淋液流量31.8 mL/min，氯苯负荷23.97~128.01 g/（m³·h）。生物滴滤塔对喷淋液的酸性环境有较好的适应性，喷淋液pH的变化对氯苯去除率无显著影响。     

Nitrogen evolution during the co-combustion of hydrothermally treated municipal solid waste and coal in a bubbling fluidized bed

Nitrogen evolution was studied during the co-combustion of hydrothermally treated municipal solid wastes (HT MSW) and coal in a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB). HT MSW blending ratios as 10%, 20% and 30% (wt.%) were selected and tested at 700, 800, 900 °C. Emissions of NO and N₂O from blends were measured and compared with the results of mono-combustion trials. Moreover, concentrations of precursors like NH₃ and HCN were also quantified. The results are summarized as follows: NO emissions were predominant in all the cases, which rose with increasing temperature. The blending of HT MSW contributed to the NO reduction. N₂O emissions decreased with temperature rising and the blending of HT MSW also presented positive effects. At 30% HT MSW addition, both NO and N₂O emissions showed the lowest values (391.85 ppm and 55.33 ppm, respectively at 900 °C). For the precursors, more HCN was detected than NH₃ and both played important roles on the gas side nitrogen evolution.     

Co-treatment of fruit and vegetable waste in sludge digesters. An analysis of the relationship among bio-methane generation,process stability and digestate phytotoxicity

The co-digestion of a variable amount of fruit and vegetable waste in a waste mixed sludge digester was investigated using a pilot scale apparatus. The organic loading rate (OLR) was increased from 1.46 kg VS/m³ day to 2.8 kg VS/m³ day. The hydraulic retention time was reduced from 14 days to about 10 days. Specific bio-methane production increased from about 90 NL/kg VS to the maximum value of about 430 NL/kg VS when OLR was increased from 1.46 kg VS/m³ day to 2.1 kg VS/m³ day. A higher OLR caused an excessive reduction in the hydraulic retention time, enhancing microorganism wash out. Process stability evaluated by the total volatile fatty acids concentration (mg/l) to the alkalinity buffer capacity (eq. mg/l CaCO₃) ratio (i.e. FOS/TAC) criterion was <0.1 indicating high stability for OLR <2.46 kg VS/m³ day. For higher OLR, FOS/TAC increased rapidly. Residual phytotoxicty of the digestate evaluated by the germination index (GI) (%) was quite constant for OLR < 2.46 kg VS/m³ day, which is lower than the 60% limit, indicating an acceptable toxicity level for crops. For OLR > 2.46 kg VS/m³ day, GI decreased rapidly. This corresponding trend between FOS/TAC and GI was further investigated by the definition of the GI ratio (GIR) parameter. Comparison between GIR and FOS/TAC suggests that GI could be a suitable criterion for evaluating process stability.     

Result-oriented approaches to the management of drinking water catchments in agricultural landscapes

Management of water quality in drinking water catchments is of ongoing, high importance as nitrate concentrations are often still very high. We analysed the Augsburg catchment in Germany, a unique example where a result-oriented approach has been implemented. We investigated the historical evolution of the water protection programme, the result-oriented payment contracts with farmers, and farmer satisfaction with the contracts, based on interviews with the water utility and farmers as well as an analysis of the literature. Today, the water protection programme has been successfully implemented, and a significant reduction of nitrate concentration was achieved due to the following factors: (1) investment of non-negligible amounts of money for high compensation and remuneration payments, (2) different contract options, (3) farmers’ participation in the negotiation process for result-oriented payment contracts, (4) involvement of “outside” people and institutions in negotiation processes, (5) anticipation of starting a programme when nitrate levels were still far below legislative thresholds, and (6) a political and legislative framework allowing direct decisions by a water supplier.     

污泥吸附剂对3种染料吸附动力学的研究

以污水厂脱水污泥、锯末和焦油的混合物为原料，选择ZnCl₂为活化剂制备出过渡孔发达、强度大的污泥吸附剂（S-AC）。借助BET、FT-IR等现代分析测试方法对污泥吸附剂进行表征，同时，研究了吸附剂对酸性大红、中性红和碱性品红吸附动力学行为。结果表明，制得的污泥吸附剂BET比表面积为358 m²/g，强度大于89%。吸附剂的动力学数据均符合伪二阶动力学方程、液膜扩散方程和颗粒内扩散方程，其中液膜扩散为吸附剂对酸性大红吸附过程的主控步骤，颗粒内扩散为吸附剂对中性红和碱性品红吸附过程的主控步骤。     

厌氧膨胀床处理低浓度污水的污泥颗粒和生物活性变化

污泥的聚集形态和活性，是影响厌氧反应器处理效率的关键因素。通过对厌氧膨胀床反应器（anaerobicex—pandedblanketreactor，AEBR）处理低浓度城镇污水在启动和稳定运行期的污泥活性研究，AEBR在启动运行期内，接种颗粒污泥为适应低浓度基质条件，污泥粒径经历从大变小，再重新颗粒化粒径变大的过程。在运行期第103天，粒径小于1000μm污泥的体积比达到44．7％，平均粒径为952μm，到运行期第173天，粒径小于1000μm污泥的体积比降为28％，平均粒径达1179μm，污泥重新颗粒化完成。颗粒污泥适应新的环境后，单位重量污泥的最大比产甲烷活性（specificmetha．nogensisactivity，SMA）值和胞外聚合物含量增加，分别达到112mLCH4／（gVSS·d）和215mg／gVSS。在处理实际城镇污水的AEBR反应器内，辅酶F420含量可以有效指示污泥样品的产甲烷活性，AEBR反应器不同高度位置的污泥活性不一样，反应器底部污泥活性低于中上部区域污泥的活性。     

低剂量臭氧的直接通加对活性污泥的活性、微生物种群及污泥减量化的影响

研究构建了2个容积为1.1 L的好氧活性污泥反应器（即1号和2号反应器）1,号反应器每天直接通加低剂量臭氧（投加量为0.01 g O3/g TSS）,不加臭氧的2号反应器作为对照平行运行,均采用每天换一次人工污水的充/排式操作。运行71 d的结果表明2,个反应器对人工污水COD的处理效果基本相同。反应器运行40 d后1,号反应器的污泥浓度比2号反应器的污泥浓度低1 400～1 700 mg/L并可稳定在8 200 mg/L,污泥减量化效果明显。低剂量臭氧的直接通加明显降低了胞内ATP浓度,并影响了微生物的抗氧化活性,2号反应器的平均超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶酶活比1号反应器分别高了24.3%和9.5%。PCR-DGGE对两反应器微生物种群的分析结果表明：Uncultured gammaproteobacteria bacteri-um、Nannocystis exedens和Uncultured actinobacterium为1号反应器的主要种群;而2号反应器的主要种群为Uncultured bacte-rium和Uncultured gammaproteobacteria bacterium。     

填埋场不同深度垃圾土压缩性的室内试验研究

阐述了垃圾土的压缩机理,归纳了国内外垃圾土压缩性指标的研究成果。根据某填埋场3个不同深度的垃圾土试样,在改装后的高压固结仪上进行压缩试验,得到垃圾土的压缩系数a、主压缩指数C、修正主压缩指数C'、压缩模量E以及体积压缩系数m,并对试验结果进行分析。试验结果表明,垃圾土的初始孔隙比随填埋深度的增加而减小,垃圾土的压缩指数随其可降解度和有机质含量的减少而降低,垃圾土具有高压缩性,其压缩性指标与垃圾的组成和填埋深度有关。将得到的压缩性指标与国内外的资料进行了比较,可为填埋场的设计及变形计算提供参考。     

反应沉淀一体式矩形环流反应器处理城市污水的影响因素研究

通过中试研究了不同溶解氧浓度、有机负荷、HRT条件下,反应沉淀一体式矩形环流反应器(RPIR)对深圳市南山污水处理厂低C/N城市污水的处理效果。结果表明,在控制溶解氧浓度为1 mg/L、COD容积负荷小于2.5 kg/m3.d、NH4+-N容积负荷不超过0.2 kg/(m3.d)、HRT为4 h时,COD平均去除率可达90%,NH4+-N平均去除率超过80%。RPIR在处理该城市污水过程中具有良好的抗冲击负荷能力,污染物去除效率高,运行稳定。